Adaptation of Salmonella enterica to antibiotics and innate immunity effectors
Author: Vestö, Kim
Date: 2021-03-26
Location: CMB, Berzelius väg 21, Karolinska Institutet, Solna
Time: 09.00
Department: Inst för mikrobiologi, tumör- och cellbiologi / Dept of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology
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Thesis (8.007Mb)
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen causing major morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The bacteria can cause a wide range of disease, ranging from the severe systemic disease typhoid fever to localized gastroenteritis. Characteristics of typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), include the bacteria’s ability to proliferate within host cells, intrinsic resistance to selected antibiotics, and emerging acquired antibiotic resistance. As S. Typhi is strictly human adapted and highly pathogenic one often uses Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) as a model organism for understanding details of typhoid fever.
Using S. Typhimurium this thesis reveals genetic details governing intrinsic antibiotic resistance and virulence in in vitro and in vivo infection models, as well as details the interplay between the pathogen and phagocytic cells. In this we have discovered a new genetic determinant for intrinsic vancomycin resistance coding for muramyl endopeptidase MepS (also known as Spr), an enzyme tasked with cleaving cell wall, and that MepS is functionally connected to the periplasmic protease Prc (also known as Tsp) in this matter. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis, but is not effective against Gram-negative enteric bacteria. This has been thought to be due to the relative impermeability of the outer membrane resulting in vancomycin not being able to access its target the cell wall (due to its large size). However, we present results that adds to this in showing that the outer membrane is not the only factor resulting in intrinsic vancomycin resistance.
With regard to intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium in mouse infection models we show in this thesis that the periplasmic protease Prc is required for the full fitness of the bacterium when in macrophages and mice. This requirement is dependent on the cell wall synthesizing enzyme PBP3SAL highlighting the possible role of Prc in regulation of bacterial proliferation during intracellular phases of infection. As for further aspects of intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium in macrophages we show that the presence of S. Typhimurium in single cells correlates with hypoxia and lack of iNOS, an innate immunity effector tasked with killing invading organisms by producing reactive nitrogen species. We suggest this correlation to be a result of general shut-off of protein synthesis due to hypoxia generated by the presence of S. Typhimurium proliferating within the macrophage.
All these result add to the basic knowledge of both determinants for intrinsic antibiotic resistance and aspects governing intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium with regards to both genes involved and effect on innate immunity effectors. We believe the results presented in this thesis is a good starting point for further studies regarding further mechanistical studies into the phenomena described.
Using S. Typhimurium this thesis reveals genetic details governing intrinsic antibiotic resistance and virulence in in vitro and in vivo infection models, as well as details the interplay between the pathogen and phagocytic cells. In this we have discovered a new genetic determinant for intrinsic vancomycin resistance coding for muramyl endopeptidase MepS (also known as Spr), an enzyme tasked with cleaving cell wall, and that MepS is functionally connected to the periplasmic protease Prc (also known as Tsp) in this matter. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis, but is not effective against Gram-negative enteric bacteria. This has been thought to be due to the relative impermeability of the outer membrane resulting in vancomycin not being able to access its target the cell wall (due to its large size). However, we present results that adds to this in showing that the outer membrane is not the only factor resulting in intrinsic vancomycin resistance.
With regard to intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium in mouse infection models we show in this thesis that the periplasmic protease Prc is required for the full fitness of the bacterium when in macrophages and mice. This requirement is dependent on the cell wall synthesizing enzyme PBP3SAL highlighting the possible role of Prc in regulation of bacterial proliferation during intracellular phases of infection. As for further aspects of intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium in macrophages we show that the presence of S. Typhimurium in single cells correlates with hypoxia and lack of iNOS, an innate immunity effector tasked with killing invading organisms by producing reactive nitrogen species. We suggest this correlation to be a result of general shut-off of protein synthesis due to hypoxia generated by the presence of S. Typhimurium proliferating within the macrophage.
All these result add to the basic knowledge of both determinants for intrinsic antibiotic resistance and aspects governing intracellular pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium with regards to both genes involved and effect on innate immunity effectors. We believe the results presented in this thesis is a good starting point for further studies regarding further mechanistical studies into the phenomena described.
List of papers:
I. Vestö K., Huseby D.L., Snygg I., Wang H., Hughes D., and Rhen M. (2018). Muramyl endopeptidase Spr contributes to intrinsic vancomycin resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Microbiol. 9:2941.
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II. Vestö K., Frederiksen R.F., Snygg I., Fahlgren A., Fällman M., and Rhen M. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of periplasmic protease Prc in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals connection to alternative peptidoglycan synthase PBP3sal in in vitro and in vivo infection models. [Manuscript]
III. Wrande M., Vestö K., Puiac Banesaru S., Anwar N., Nordfjell J., Liu L., McInerney G.M., and Rhen M. (2020). Replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in RAW264.7 phagocytes correlates with hypoxia and lack of iNOS expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 10:537782.
Fulltext (DOI)
Pubmed
View record in Web of Science®
I. Vestö K., Huseby D.L., Snygg I., Wang H., Hughes D., and Rhen M. (2018). Muramyl endopeptidase Spr contributes to intrinsic vancomycin resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Microbiol. 9:2941.
Fulltext (DOI)
Pubmed
View record in Web of Science®
II. Vestö K., Frederiksen R.F., Snygg I., Fahlgren A., Fällman M., and Rhen M. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of periplasmic protease Prc in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals connection to alternative peptidoglycan synthase PBP3sal in in vitro and in vivo infection models. [Manuscript]
III. Wrande M., Vestö K., Puiac Banesaru S., Anwar N., Nordfjell J., Liu L., McInerney G.M., and Rhen M. (2020). Replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in RAW264.7 phagocytes correlates with hypoxia and lack of iNOS expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 10:537782.
Fulltext (DOI)
Pubmed
View record in Web of Science®
Institution: Karolinska Institutet
Supervisor: Rhen, Mikael
Co-supervisor: Loh, Edmund
Issue date: 2021-02-22
Rights:
Publication year: 2021
ISBN: 978-91-8016-123-7
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