Memory, genes, and brain imaging : relating the APOE gene to brain function and structure

Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. An important goal for current AD research is to find preclinical markers of impending disease. Apolipoprotein E sigma4 (APOE epsilon4) is the chief known genetic risk factor for AD. A number of neuroimaging studies have reported structural and functional brain alterations in non-demented APOE epsilon4-carriers. Such results have tentatively been interpreted as early signs of impending dementia, but the findings have been inconsistent across studies. To further address this issue, the overall aim of this thesis was to examine asymptomatic cognitively well-functioning APOE epsilon4-carriers with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, together with longitudinal neuropsychological testing. Study I revealed that carriers of APOE epsilon4 expressed reduced functional brain activity during incidental episodic encoding. In the parietal cortex, a genetic dose-effect was seen such that the activity reduction was more pronounced for homozygous than heterozygous APOE epsilon4-carriers. In addition, it was found that APOE epsilon4-carriers had structural changes in white-matter tracts in the hippocampus and the posterior corpus callosum (Study II), and grey matter reductions in the hippocampus (Study III). Study IV demonstrated that the degree of functional activity in the parietal cortex predicted subsequent episodic memory decline within the group of APOE epsilon4-carriers. Collectively, the results suggest that a combination of genetic, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging strategies is beneficial in predicting AD development.

List of scientific papers

I. Reduced functional brain activity response in cognitively intact apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers. (2006). "Lind J, Persson J, Ingvar M, Larsson A, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Adolfsson R, Backman L, Nilsson LG, Petersson KM, Nyberg L." Brain 129(Pt 5): 1240-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537568

II. Persson J, Lind J, Larsson A, Ingvar M, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Adolfsson R, Nilsson LG, Nyberg L. (1970). "Altered brain white matter integrity in healthy carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele: a risk for AD?" Neurology 66(7): 1029-33
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16606914

III. Lind J, Larsson A, Persson J, Ingvar M, Nilsson LG, Backman L, Adolfsson R, Cruts M, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Nyberg L. (2006). "Reduced hippocampal volume in non-demented carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4: relation to chronological age and recognition memory." Neurosci Lett 396(1): 23-7
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406347

IV. Lind J, Ingvar M, Persson J, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Adolfsson R, Nilsson LG, Nyberg L. (2006). "Parietal cortex activation predicts memory decline in apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 carriers." Neuroreport 17(16): 1683-6
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17047453