Dynamic shaping of human NK cell receptor repertoires : implications for NK cell-based immunotherapy

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with a potent intrinsic capacity to kill tumor cells, which makes them attractive candidates for cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Advances during the past decade have revealed that NK cells display a high degree of functional plasticity, suggesting that some subsets may be more effective in targeting cancer cells. In this thesis I have investigated the dynamic shaping of human NK cell repertoires with a focus on the biology and tumor killing potential of “adaptive” NK cells developing in response to human cytomegalovirus infection (HCMV).

In the first part of this thesis we performed an in depth analysis of the NK cell killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) repertoire in a cohort of 204 healthy individuals. We found a subset of NK cells that displayed evidence of clonal-like expansion in HCMV seropositive individuals (referred to as adaptive or memory NK cells). These cells displayed a highly differentiated phenotype and distinct functional properties, characterized by a strong potential to perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Furthermore, these NK cells had a preferential expression of self-specific KIRs.

It is well established that the expression of KIR is genetically hardwired. In line with this, we found a linear correlation between KIR copy number variation (CNV) and the frequency of KIR expression. Although CNV had no effect on education at the single cell level, it influenced the overall size of the educated NK cell pool. However, KIR CNV had no effect on the frequency or magnitude of adaptive NK cell responses in HCMV seropositive individuals.

A series of studies have linked the activating receptor NKG2C to the expansions observed in association to HCMV infection. To investigate whether other pathways could be involved in driving adaptive NK cell responses we analyzed NK cell repertoires in donors carrying a homozygous deletion of the NKG2C gene. We found that these individuals were fully capable of mounting adaptive NK cell responses and that CD2 co-stimulation of CD16 signaling play a crucial role in NK cell-mediated ADCC by adaptive NK cells, suggesting that CD2 and CD16 could compensate for the loss of NKG2C in the presence of HCMV antibodies. Furthermore, this indicated that, like the T cell activation model, NK cells also require multiple steps to become fully activated, where CD2 co-stimulation represents “signal-2”.

Based on the insights into the regulation of adaptive NK cells, we established a platform for selective expansion of this highly cytotoxic NK cell subset. We found that in vitro expanded, and functionally reprogrammed, adaptive NK cells showed potent and specific killing of primary acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) blasts, suggesting that this strategy may be effective in the context of cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

List of scientific papers

I. NK cell responses to cytomegalovirus infection lead to stable imprints in the human KIR repertoire and involve activating KIRs. Vivien Béziat, Lisa L. Liu, Jenny-Ann Malmberg, Martin A. Ivarsson, Ebba Sohlberg, Andreas T. Björklund, Christelle Retière, Eva Sverremark-Ekström, James Traherne, Per Ljungman, Marie Schaffer, David A. Price, John Trowsdale, Jakob Michaélsson, Hans- Gustaf Ljunggren, Karl-Johan Malmberg. Blood. 2013;121(14):2678-88.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-10-459545

II. Influence of KIR gene copy number on natural killer cell education. Vivien Béziat, James A. Traherne, Lisa L. Liu, Jyothi Jayaraman, Monika Enqvist, Stella Larsson, John Trowsdale, Karl-Johan Malmberg. Blood. 2013;121(23):4703-7.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-10-461442

III. Critical Role of CD2 Co-stimulation in Adaptive Natural Killer Cell Responses Revealed in NKG2C-Deficient Humans. Lisa L. Liu, Johannes Landskron, Eivind H. Ask, Monika Enqvist, Ebba Sohlberg, James A. Traherne, Quirin Hammer, Jodie P. Goodridge, Stella Larsson, Jyothi Jayaraman, Vincent Y.S. Oei, Marie Schaffer, Kjetil Taskén, Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren, Chiara Romagnani, John Trowsdale, Karl-Johan Malmberg, Vivien Béziat. Cell reports. 2016;15(5):1088-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.005

IV. Reprogramming adaptive NK cells for targeting of primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lisa L. Liu, Vivien Béziat, Vincent Oei Sheng, Aline Pfefferle, Marie Schaffer, Stefan Söderhäll, Mats Heyman, Dan Grandér, Karl-Johan Malmberg. [Manuscript]