Characteristics of drunk drivers in Sweden : alcohol problems, detection, crime records, psychosocial characteristics, personality traits and mental health

Drunk driving not only causes public and individual harm but also leads to economic costs with severe consequences for society. Research on the Driving Under Influence (DUI) phenomenon in many countries was initiated to improve public safety, prevention and rehabilitation of the DUI offenders. Research results and experiences from other countries on DUI may not be directly applied to Swedish conditions because of different legislations, norms and attitudes towards drunk driving.

The main purpose thus has been to investigate and analyse Swedish DUI offenders with respect to their alcohol problems, detection, crime records, psychosocial characteristics, personality traits and mental health.

The main sample comprised 2 100 suspected DUI offenders from 17 police stations from all over Sweden. Alcohol problems were screened using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Detection was analyzed on the basis of information received from police authorities. Crime records were collected from Sweden s official crime statistics. From this sample of 2 100 suspected DUI offenders, 290 responded to an invitation to take part in the study of psychosocial problems assessed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Additionally, 162 severe DUI offenders were assessed with the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory - Revised (NEO-PI-R) and Symptom Checklist with 90 items, (SCL 90) for psychiatric symptoms.

At least half of the suspected DUI offenders had alcohol problems, including those assumed offenders with a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) below the allowed Swedish legal limit. Manner and time of detection of DUI are significant for the type of offender being identified. Criminality among Swedish DUI offenders is substantially higher than among Swedes in general. Swedish DUI offenders seem to be underprivileged in social dimensions including education and financial standing as compared to Swedish standard. DUI offenders have, despite low scores in Conscientiousness (common with substance abuse and antisocial personality profiles), significantly low scores in the Openness (to experience) domain.

DUI offenders are a heterogeneous group and drunk driving is not only a symptom of alcohol problems, but also of psychosocial problems often parallel with psychiatric comorbidity and criminality. Rehabilitation programmes thus ought to take into account alcohol dependence, mental health and antisocial traits and the frequently underprivileged psychosocial situation of DUI offenders.

List of scientific papers

I. Bergman H, Hubicka B, Laurell H (2005). "Alcohol problems and blood alcohol concentration among Swedish drivers suspected of driving under the influence." Contemporary Drug Problems 32: 387-404.

II. Hubicka B, Bergman H, Laurell H (2007). "Alcohol problems among Swedish drunk drivers: differences related to mode of detection and geographical region." Traffic Inj Prev 8(3): 224-31.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15389580701426322

III. Hubicka B, Laurell H, Bergman H (2008). "Criminal and alcohol problems among Swedish drunk drivers--predictors of DUI relapse." Int J Law Psychiatry 31(6): 471-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.09.003

IV. Hubicka B, Laurell H, Bergman H (2008). "Psychosocial characteristics of drunk drivers assessed by the Addiction Severity Index, prediction of relapse." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. [Accepted]
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809353506

V. Hubicka B, Källmén H, Hiltunen A, Bergman H (2008). "Personality traits and mental health of severe drunk drivers in Sweden." [Submitted]