Neural control of standing posture
Author: Tokuno, Craig
Date: 2007-12-07
Location: Aulan, Gymnastik- och Idrottshögskolan, Stockholm
Time: 09.00
Department: Institutionen för neurovetenskap / Department of Neuroscience
View/ Open:
thesis.pdf (726.0Kb)
Abstract
When humans are asked to stand normally, they are not completely
motionless. Rather, small amounts of body movement, termed postural sway,
can be observed. Although the postural sway of standing has been well
described, the manner in which this sway is neurally controlled and its
influence in tasks involving postural re-stabilization are not known.
Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the neural control
of human standing posture, with a special emphasis on 1) whether the
neuromuscular responses to an unexpected perturbation are influenced by
the postural sway, 2) whether spinallymediated changes occur as a
function of postural sway position and/or direction, and 3) whether the
excitability of the cortical and corticospinal pathways are altered with
respect to postural sway.
In each study, subjects stood quietly on a force platform. For Studies
I-III, the anteroposterior center of pressure (COP) signal from the force
platform was monitored online such that when the position and/or velocity
of the COP was of the desired magnitude and direction, a perturbation was
administered to the subject. The perturbation consisted of either a
sudden support surface translation (Study I) or a percutaneous electrical
stimulation to the posterior tibial nerve (Studies II-IV). In Study IV, a
perturbation, in the form of either a transcranial magnetic (TMS) or
electric (TES) stimulation to the left motor cortex, was triggered at a
random time, regardless of the COP signal. The neuromuscular responses to
the mechanical, electrical or magnetic perturbations were assessed by
measuring the body kinematics from a motion capture system or
electromyographic (EMG) recordings from surface electrodes placed over
various lower limb muscles. Specific dependent measures included the
number of stepping responses, the latencies and amplitudes of the EMG
recordings, the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the Hoffmann reflex (Hreflex)
and M-wave from tibial nerve stimulation, as well as the peak-to-peak
amplitudes of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS and TES.
Study I indicated that when subjects were standing normally, the position
of postural sway influenced the postural responses to an unexpected
surface translation. EMG activity of various lower limb and trunk muscles
were generally delayed in time and larger in amplitude when subjects were
swaying in the direction opposite to the upcoming perturbation. The
altered postural responses may be related to the ongoing modulation of
the synaptic efficacy, as reflected by the size of the H-reflex, to the
triceps surae Ia pathways. In Studies II-IV, it was found that when
subjects were swaying in the forward as compared to the backward
direction or position, depolarization of the soleus and medial
gastrocnemius motoneurone pools, via synaptic transmission of the Ia
afferents, was easier to achieve. However, this sway direction- and sway
position-dependent modulation of neural excitability was limited to the
spinal and corticospinal levels. Study IV revealed that TMS- and
TES-evoked MEPs were similarly modulated during the naturally occurring
sway of normal standing, suggesting that the excitability of the motor
cortex was not dependent on postural sway. A facilitation in cortical
excitability, as shown by the differential MEP response between TMS and
TES, was however found during normal as compared supported (i.e. no
postural sway) standing.
This thesis demonstrates that human standing posture is controlled via an
overall enhancement of cortical excitability, concurrently with an
ongoing sway-dependent modulation of spinal and corticospinal processes.
The constantly changing neural inputs to the motoneurone pool may give
insight into the influence of postural sway to the neuromuscular
responses to an unexpected perturbation.
List of papers:
I. Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. (2006). "The influence of natural body sway on neuromuscular responses to an unpredictable surface translation." Exp Brain Res 174(1): 19-28
Pubmed
II. Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Garland SJ, Cresswell AG. (2007). "Control of the triceps surae during the postural sway of quiet standing." Acta Physiol (Oxf) 191(3): 229-36
Pubmed
III. Tokuno CD, Garland SJ, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG (1970). "Sway-dependent modulation of the triceps surae H-reflex during standing." J Appl Physiol (Submitted)
IV. Tokuno CD, Taube W, Cresswell AG (1970). "Changes in cortical and corticospinal excitability during standing." J Physiol (Lond) (Submitted)
I. Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. (2006). "The influence of natural body sway on neuromuscular responses to an unpredictable surface translation." Exp Brain Res 174(1): 19-28
Pubmed
II. Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Garland SJ, Cresswell AG. (2007). "Control of the triceps surae during the postural sway of quiet standing." Acta Physiol (Oxf) 191(3): 229-36
Pubmed
III. Tokuno CD, Garland SJ, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG (1970). "Sway-dependent modulation of the triceps surae H-reflex during standing." J Appl Physiol (Submitted)
IV. Tokuno CD, Taube W, Cresswell AG (1970). "Changes in cortical and corticospinal excitability during standing." J Physiol (Lond) (Submitted)
Issue date: 2007-11-16
Rights:
Publication year: 2007
ISBN: 978-91-7357-396-2
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