Pharmacological and molecular investigations on the mechanisms underlying resistance of human leukaemia cells to the antimetabolites methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine
Author: Fotoohi, Alan Kambiz
Date: 2007-02-02
Location: Föreläsningssalen på Cancer Centrum Karolinska, R8:00
Time: 09.15
Department: Institutionen för onkologi-patologi / Department of Oncology-Pathology
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thesis.pdf (1.169Mb)
Abstract
The goal of this thesis has been to elucidate the mechanisms underlying
resistance to methotrexate (MTX), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and
6-thioguanine (6-TG), the antimetabolites widely used in treatment of
childhood leukemia, as well as to determine the influence of
7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OHMTX), the major metabolite of MTX, on the
therapeutic action of MTX.
Resistant sublines of leukemic cell lines were developed by long-term
exposure to stepwise increasing concentrations of these different agents.
The mechanism underlying resistance to MTX in cells exposed to this drug
was a pronounced reduction (> 10-fold) in reduced folate carrier
(RFC) mediated uptake of MTX. In CCRF-CEM cells, this reduction was
associated with transcriptional silencing of the RFC gene, due to
attenuated or even abolished binding of various transcription factors to
their cis-acting elements, including the CRE, E-box, AP1, Mzf-1 and
GC-box. In contrast, resistance to 7-OHMTX was due solely to a dramatic
decrement (> 95%) in folylpolyglutamate synthetase activity, which also
conferred a greater than 100-fold increase in resistance to short-term
exposure to MTX.
The levels of mRNA species originating from approximately 17000 genes
present in MTX- and 7-OHMTX-resistant MOLT4 cells were compared. In the
MTX-resistant subline, the levels of mRNA encoding proteins involved in
DNA and RNA metabolism and in transport were altered most; whereas in the
7-OHMTX-resistant cells, mRNA species associated with metabolism and cell
proliferation were affected more profoundly. In these 7-OHMTX-resistant
cells, the 10-fold reduction in the level of the mRNA for adenosine
deaminase (the major enzyme of purine catabolism), complete absence of
mRNA for cystathionine â synthase, the 3-fold higher level of the mRNA
for methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (involved in
methyl-tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis) and the 2-fold elevation in the
level of the mRNA for glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
(involved in purine biosyntheses), all revealed a pattern of preservation
of pools of intracellular folates and of nucleotide biosynthesis.
Neither of the known mechanisms of resistance to thiopurines (i.e.,
alterations in the activity of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl
transferase or of thiopurine methyltransferase enzymes) was found to
occur in 6-MP- or 6-TG-resistant cells. Instead, the primary mechanism of
resistance was a pronounced reduction in cellular uptake of 6-MP.
Selective down-regulation of the levels of mRNAs encoding two nucleoside
transporters, the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) and
equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2), was detected in both
resistant sublines. Moreover, silencing of the CNT3 and ENT2 genes by
small interfering RNA attenuated both the transport and cytocidal effect
of 6-MP.
Both of the thiopurine-resistant cell sublines exhibited a collateral
enhancement in sensitivity to the cytotoxicity of methylmercaptopurine
riboside (meMPR), an intra-cellular metabolite of 6-MP that is known to
be a potent inhibitor of de novo purine biosynthesis. Transport of meMPR
into these cells remained intact. These findings, together with the
reduced rate of de novo purine biosynthesis and low levels of
ribonucleoside triphosphates in these cells, can easily explain their
enhanced sensitivity to meMPR. An additional investigation revealed that
transfection of wild-type cells with small interference RNA molecules
targeting the gene encoding the first member of the family of
equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1) reduced the initial rate of
meMPR uptake.
In summary, our present findings clearly demonstrate the major
involvement of defective transport in the development of resistance to
MTX, 6-MP and 6-TG. Long-term exposure of leukemic cells to 7-OHMTX can
impair the clinical efficacy of MTX. The disparate patterns of gene
expression exhibited by MTX- and 7-OHMTX-resistant cells further confirms
that these agents act in different ways. These results may help to
improve individualization of MTX treatment on the basis of plasma levels
of 7-OHMTX. The collateral enhancement in the sensitivity of
thiopurine-resistant cells to the cytotoxicity of meMPR suggests that
administration of meMPR or its analogues to patients with ALL
experiencing relapse or resistance might be beneficial.
List of papers:
I. Fotoohi K, Jansen G, Assaraf YG, Rothem L, Stark M, Kathmann I, Gregorczyk J, Peters GJ, Albertioni F. (2004). "Disparate mechanisms of antifolate resistance provoked by methotrexate and its metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate in leukemia cells: implications for efficacy of methotrexate therapy." Blood 104(13): 4194-201
Pubmed
II. Fotoohi AK, Assaraf YG, Moshfegh A, Hashemi J, Jansen G, Peters GJ, Larsson C, Albertioni F. (2007). "Gene expression profiling of 7-hydroxymethotrexate-resistant human leukemia cells reveals a pattern of preservation of intracellular folates and nucleotide biosynthesis." (Manuscript)
III. Fotoohi AK, Lindqvist M, Peterson C, Albertioni F. (2006). "Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343(1): 208-15
Pubmed
IV. Fotoohi AK, Wrabel A, Moshfegh A, Peterson C, Albertioni F. (2006). "Molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced sensitivity of thiopurine-resistant T-lymphoblastic cell lines to methyl mercaptopurineriboside." Biochem Pharmacol 72(7): 816-23
Pubmed
I. Fotoohi K, Jansen G, Assaraf YG, Rothem L, Stark M, Kathmann I, Gregorczyk J, Peters GJ, Albertioni F. (2004). "Disparate mechanisms of antifolate resistance provoked by methotrexate and its metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate in leukemia cells: implications for efficacy of methotrexate therapy." Blood 104(13): 4194-201
Pubmed
II. Fotoohi AK, Assaraf YG, Moshfegh A, Hashemi J, Jansen G, Peters GJ, Larsson C, Albertioni F. (2007). "Gene expression profiling of 7-hydroxymethotrexate-resistant human leukemia cells reveals a pattern of preservation of intracellular folates and nucleotide biosynthesis." (Manuscript)
III. Fotoohi AK, Lindqvist M, Peterson C, Albertioni F. (2006). "Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343(1): 208-15
Pubmed
IV. Fotoohi AK, Wrabel A, Moshfegh A, Peterson C, Albertioni F. (2006). "Molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced sensitivity of thiopurine-resistant T-lymphoblastic cell lines to methyl mercaptopurineriboside." Biochem Pharmacol 72(7): 816-23
Pubmed
Issue date: 2007-01-12
Rights:
Publication year: 2007
ISBN: 978-91-7357-087-9
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